Due to its unique geography, being made of two peninsulas surrounded by the Great Lakes, Michigan has depended on many ferries for connections to transport people, vehicles and trade. The most famous modern ferries are those which carry people and goods across the Straits of Mackinac to the car-free Mackinac Island but before the Mackinac Bridge was built, large numbers of ferries carried people and cars between the two peninsulas. Other ferries continue to provide transportation to small islands and across the Detroit River to Canada. Ferries once provided transport to island parks for city dwellers. The state's only national park, Isle Royale cannot be reached by road and is normally accessed by ferry. The largest ferries in Michigan are the car ferries which cross Lake Michigan to Wisconsin. One of these, the SS Badger is one of the last remaining coal steamers on the Great Lakes and serves as a section of US Highway 10 (US 10). The Badger is also the largest ferry in Michigan, capable of carrying 600 passengers and 180 autos.
In the early days of lake transport, it is difficult or impossible to differentiate between ferries, package freighters carrying passengers, and passenger liners on regular routes. The lakes and rivers often provided an easier route of travel than primitive or non-existent roads. Rail ferries would carry passenger trains and their occupants and later sometimes carried automobiles as well.
The first autos crossed the Straits of Mackinac in 1917 on the SS Chief Wawatam. In 1923, the state of Michigan began an auto ferry service that was the first such system to be state-owned. It continued until the day the Mackinac Bridge opened. The law required the ferry service to cease so that the bridge would not have competition and could pay off its construction bonds faster. The passenger ferries and many of the rail ferries across the Detroit and St. Clair rivers had ended after the bridges and tunnels were built.
The ferries pioneered concepts in ship design and icebreaking techniques. Bow propellers and steel spoon-shaped bows made the rail ferries the best icebreakers on the lakes for many years until the dedicated U.S. Coast Guard icebreakers were assigned during World War II. In contrast, the ferries later had some of the most outdated equipment on the Lakes. The Badger, still in service in 2016, is the last coal-fired Great Lakes passenger steamer. The Chief Wawatam was the last hand-fed coal steamer and the Landsdowne was the last paddlewheeler when it was converted to a barge in 1970.
The Detroit-Windsor ferries were popular with small-scale bootleggers during Prohibition, especially as border guards were reluctant to search young Canadian women who worked in Detroit offices.
Car ferries
Lake Michigan
Cross-lake
- SS Badger, cross-lake, Ludington, Michigan to Manitowoc, Wisconsin, connecting US Highway 10 (US 10) with its counterpart in Wisconsin, 4 hours
- HSC Lake Express, cross-lake, Muskegon, Michigan to Milwaukee, Wisconsin, 2.5 hours
Beaver Island
- Current boats
- Beaver Islander, (built 1962), Charlevoix, Michigan to Beaver Island, 2 hours
- Emerald Isle, (built 1997), Charlevoix to Beaver Island, 2 hours
- Retired boats
- Emerald Isle (built 1955), in use 1955â€"62, then a Mackinac ferry until 1982, now Diamond Jack cruise on the Detroit River
- South Shore, (built 1945), for Miller Boat Line, Put-in-Bay, Ohio. Operated to Beaver Island from 1973-1997. Sold in 1999 to Shoreline Sightseeing Cruises, Chicago.
St. Marys River
Ferry service to Sugar Island began in 1928 and to Neebish Island service in 1933, provided by private companies. The Eastern Upper Peninsula Transportation Authority assumed their operations in 1980.
Neebish Island
- Neebish Islander II, (built 1946), Neebish Island ferry, Barbeau, former Sugar Islander I
Sugar Island
- Sugar Islander II, (built 1995), Sugar Island to Sault Ste. Marie
Lake Huron
Bois Blanc Island
- Kristen D (1987), Cheboygan to Bois Blanc Island
Drummond Island
- Current boats
- Drummond Islander III (built 1989) and Drummond Islander IV, (built 2000) De Tour Village to Drummond Island, connecting M-134 across the DeTour Passage, since 1975, part of the Eastern Upper Peninsula Transportation Authority
- Retired boats
- Clyde, in use 1905â€"08
- Naida, in use 1915â€"24
- Drummond, in use 1922â€"24 and 1931â€"32
- Phillip, in use 1922â€"30, destroyed by fire
- Wallan (built 1933), in use 1933â€"47, run by Road Commission from 1943 as Sam C. Taylor
- Drummond Islander I (built 1947), sold to Arnold Line and renamed Mackinac Islander
- Drummond Islander II, in use 1961â€"89, sold to MCM Marine as tugboat
St. Clair River
- Champion's Auto Ferry, Harsens Island, connecting M-154 to the mainland
- Arthur R Champion (1941)
- North Channel (1967)
- South Channel (1973)
- Middle Channel (1996)
- Russell Island ferry
- Sombraâ€"Marine City (Bluewater) Ferry
- Walpoleâ€"Algonac Ferry
Detroit River
- Detroitâ€"Windsor Truck Ferry
Internal
- Ironton Ferry, southern arm of Lake Charlevoix, the Charlevoix a cable ferry built 1926 has a capacity of 4 cars.
Passenger-only ferries
Lake Superior
Isle Royale
- Isle Royale Queen IV, Copper Harbor, Michigan to Rock Harbor, Isle Royale National Park, 5.75 hours
- Ranger III, Houghton, Michigan to Rock Harbor, Isle Royale, 6 hours
- Sea Hunter, Grand Portage, Minnesota to Windigo, Isle Royale, 1.5 hours
- Voyageur II, Grand Portage, Minnesota to Isle Royale, 2â€"7.5 hours, multiple stops
Grand Island
- Grand Island ferry, Grand Island National Recreation Area
Lake Michigan
- Mishe-Mokwa, Manitou Island Transit, North Manitou Island, 1 hour, and South Manitou Island, 1.5 hours
Straits of Mackinac
- Arnold Transit Company (purchased by Star Line in 2016)
- Current boats
- Algomah (1961)
- Beaver, (1952), freight
- Chippewa (1962)
- Corsair (1955), freight
- Huron (1955)
- Island Express (1988), catamaran
- Mackinac Express (1987), catamaran
- Mackinac Islander (1947), formerly Drummond Islander, freight
- Ottawa (1959)
- Straits Express (1995), catamaran
- Straits of Mackinac II (1969)
- Former boats
- Emerald Isle Built 1955 for Beaver Island Boat Company. Owned by Arnold Line from 1962 to 1982. Now in Detroit as the Diamond Jack.
- Algomah (built 1881), in use until the 1930s
- Chippewa, 1883 to 1943 ran a Cheboyganâ€"Mackinac Islandâ€"Sault Ste. Marie
- Mackinac (1909)
- Mackinac Islander (1922), in use 1938â€"69, originally The Oliver H. Perry, later freighter and sank as Alaska crab boat Belair in 1974
- Mackinac Islander (1958), sold in the 1980s, now Diamond Belle of Diamond Jack's River Cruises on the Detroit River
- Mohawk (1956), since 1995 Diamond Queen of Diamond Jack's River Cruises
- Shepler's Ferry
- Capt. Shepler (1986)
- Felicity (1972)
- The Hope (1976)
- Miss Mary (2015)
- Sacre Bleu (1959), formerly Put-in-Bay, freight
- The Welcome (1969)
- Wyandot (1979)
- Star Line Ferry, (originally Argosy Boat Line (1962 -1977))
- Current boats
- La Salle (1983)
- Radisson (1988)
- Cadillac (1990)
- Joliet (1993)
- Marquette II (2005)
- Anna May (2012)
- Retired boats
- La Salle
- Nicolet
- Treasure Islander
- Flamingo
- Marquette (1979)
Internal
- Saugatuck Chain Ferry, a chain ferry across the Kalamazoo River at Saugatuck, site of a ferry since 1838
Defunct ferries
Lake Michigan
Rail ferries to Wisconsin
The Ann Arbor Railroad, Grand Trunk, and Chesapeake and Ohio ran train ferries across Lake Michigan. Several of these also carried passengers in the upper decks.
- Ann Arbor Railroad ran ferries from Betsie Lake, Elberta, Michigan to Manistique, Michigan and Kewaunee, Wisconsin from 1892, Menominee, Michigan from 1894, Gladstone, Michigan from 1895, Manitowoc, Wisconsin from 1896. Service ended in 1982.
- SSÂ Ann Arbor No. 1 (built 1892), burned to the waterline, 1910
- SSÂ Ann Arbor No. 2 (1892), in use until 1912, converted to barge Whale, a sandsucker
- SSÂ Ann Arbor No. 3 (1898)
- SSÂ Ann Arbor No. 4 (1906), sold to the state to ferry autos at Mackinac, renamed City of Cheboygan, 1937
- SSÂ Ann Arbor No. 5 (1910)
- SSÂ Ann Arbor No. 6 (1917), renamed Arthur K. Atkinson in 1959, served a route from Frankfort, Michigan to Manitowoc, Wisconsin from 1980-1982
- SSÂ Ann Arbor No. 7 (1925), rebuilt as Viking and in service until 1982
- Maitland No. 1, chartered for part of 1915
- SSÂ Wabash (1927)
- SSÂ City of Milwaukee, a Grand Trunk Western vessel was leased in 1978.
- Grand Trunk Milwaukee Car Ferry Company ran rail ferries from Grand Haven, Michigan to Milwaukee, Wisconsin from 1903 to 1933. From 1933 to 1978 the route was Muskegon to Milwaukee.
- SSÂ Milwaukee (built 1902) formerly Manistique, Marquette & Northern 1, sank near Milwaukee in 1929, with 52 dead
- SSÂ Grand Haven (built 1903)
- SSÂ Grand Rapids (1926)
- SSÂ Madison (1927)
- SSÂ City of Milwaukee, (built 1930), sailed for Grand Trunk until 1978.
- Pere Marquette Railway, later part of the Chesapeake and Ohio Railway, ran rail ferries from Ludington to Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Kewaunee, Wisconsin and Manitowoc, Wisconsin in Wisconsin. The last route (Kewaunee) ended on July 1, 1983. Michigan-Wisconsin Transportation Company acquired the ferries and ran until 1990.
- Pere Marquette 15 (built 1896), in service 1900â€"35
- Pere Marquette 16 (1895), in service 1900â€"14, worked for Detroit, Grand Rapids & Western 1898â€"99
- Pere Marquette 17 (1901), in service until 1940, converted to auto ferry in 1940 at Straits of Mackinac, scrapped in 1961
- Pere Marquette 18 (1st) (1902), in service until 1910, sank in Lake Michigan with 29 lives lost
- Pere Marquette 19 (1903), in service until 1940
- Pere Marquette 20 (1903), in service until 1938, converted to auto ferry at Straits of Mackinac in 1938, converted to warehouse in 1959
- Pere Marquette 18 (2nd) (1911), in service until 1952
- Pere Marquette 21 (1924), in service until 1973
- Pere Marquette 22 (1924), in service until 1973
- City of Saginaw 31 (1929), in service until 1973
- City of Flint 32 (1930), in service until 1969, converted to barge Roanoke
- SS City of Midland 41 (1941), in use until 1983, now the barge Pere Marquette 41
- SS Badger (1952), in use until 1990, later converted to an auto ferry, still in that service
- SS Spartan (1952), in use until 1979, laid up in Ludington, used for parts for Badger
Passenger and auto ferries
- Wisconsin and Michigan Steamship Company
- Illinois
- SS Milwaukee Clipper (built 1904), in use 1941â€"70, Muskegon, Michigan to Milwaukee, Wisconsin, 900 passengers and 180 autos
Straits of Mackinac
Before the construction of the Mackinac Bridge connecting the two peninsulas of Michigan, car and train ferries crossed between Mackinaw City, Michigan and St. Ignace. The early transport across the Straits was by private boat. The first large commercial concerns were the railways whose ferries pioneered concepts in ice breaking and ship design. The state took over auto traffic after complaints that the railways service was too expensive and unreliable for motorists.
Early ferries
- Mary
- Gazelle
- Lotus
Straits of Mackinac auto ferries
The state provided auto ferry service between 1923 and 1957. The ferries carried almost 1 million cars a year in the mid-1950s before the bridge opened in 1957. At that time, there were five ferries running with a total capacity of 500 cars; the largest ferry could carry 150. In their last year of service, the state ferries employed 400 people.
- Michigan State Ferries
- Ariel (bought used 1923) unused after 1923, sold 1925
- Sainte Ignace (1924) sold 1940
- Mackinaw City (1924) sold 1940
- The Straits of Mackinac (1928)
- City of Cheboygan (1937), formerly Ann Arbor No.4
- City of Munising (1938), formerly Pere Marquette 20
- City of Petoskey (1940) formerly Pere Marquette 17
- Vacationland (1952), largest ferry, made last run of the service in November, 1957.
Rail ferries across the Straits of Mackinac
- Mackinac Transportation Company formed in 1881 by Grand Rapids & Indiana, Michigan Central, and Detroit, Mackinac, and Marquette railroads. Service continued until 1984 when the dock at St. Ignace collapsed. From 1923 until 1952, the Sainte Marie II and Chief Wawatam carried autos for the state ferry service during the heavy ice periods in winter.
- Algomah (1880â€"95), also towed the rail barge Betsy, after 1895 sold to Island Transportation Company
- St. Ignace
- Saint Marie I
- Saint Marie II (1912â€"61)
- Chief Wawatam (1910â€"84), the last hand-fed coal steamer on the Great Lakes
Mackinac Island
- Island Transportation Company was part owned by George Arnold and employed Bill Shepler as one of its captains. The service ran from St. Ignace to Mackinac Island. It merged with the Arnold Line (whose service was Mackinaw City to Mackinac Island) in June 1946.
- Algoma, (built 1880), in service from 1895
- Algoma II (1922), in service 1936â€"46, later with Arnold Line until 1960
St. Clair River
- Rail ferry from Sarnia, Ontario to Port Huron, Michigan from 1859 to 1890.
- Pere Marquette Railroad/Canadian National
- International (1872), built for Grand Trunk, in use for Pere Marquette on St. Clair River from 1903â€"27
- Pere Marquette 10 (built 1945), in use as ferry until 1974, in use as barge until 1995
- Pere Marquette 12 (1927), sold to Canadian National in 1969, renamed St. Clair, converted to barge 1980s, in use until 1995
- Pere Marquette 14 (1904), in use until 1957
- CSX service ended October 7, 1994
Detroit River
Detroit to Windsor
- Passenger and auto ferries
- Detroit Ferry Company and the Windsor Ferry Company combined in 1877 to form the Detroit and Windsor Ferry Company. In 1883 the company was renamed Detroit, Belle Isle and Windsor Ferry Company. It served Amhurstburg, Detroit, Windsor, Belle Isle, Bois Blanc Island (Boblo), and owned Peche Island.
- Hope (built 1870)
- Victoria (1872)
- Fortune (1875)
- Excelsior(1876)
- Garland (1880)
- Sappho (1883), originally part of Walkerville and Detroit Ferry Company
- Promise (1892)
- Pleasure (1894)
- Britannia (1906)
- Lasalle (1922)
- Cadillac (1928)
- Walkerville and Detroit Ferry Company formed in 1881 by Hiram Walker and served a route from Detroit to Belle Isle to Walkerville, Ontario. Service ended in 1942.
- Essex (built pre-1881)
- Ariel (1882)
- Detroit Ferry Company and the Windsor Ferry Company combined in 1877 to form the Detroit and Windsor Ferry Company. In 1883 the company was renamed Detroit, Belle Isle and Windsor Ferry Company. It served Amhurstburg, Detroit, Windsor, Belle Isle, Bois Blanc Island (Boblo), and owned Peche Island.
Detroit to Belle Isle ferry
- Belle Isle Park, 1840â€"1957
Detroit to Boblo Island
Ferry service ran to the island from 1898-1993 by the Bois Blanc Excursion Line (part of the Detroit, Belle Island, and Windsor Ferry Company)
- SS Columbia, Detroit to Boblo Island Amusement Park on Bois Blanc Island, 1.5 hours, 1902â€"91
- SS Ste. Clair, 1.5 hours, 1910â€"91
Detroit to Windsor rail ferries
- Canadian National CN discontinued passenger service in 1955.
-
- SS Lansdowne (built 1884), served until 1956, scrapped 2009, a sidewheel paddleboat
- Huron
- Great Western
- Canadian Pacific
- Michigan
- Ontario
- Grand Trunk
- Michigan Central
- Transport (built 1880)
- Transfer (1873)
- Transfer II
- Detroit
- Wabash Railroad, later Norfolk Southern purchased three ferries from Michigan Central in 1910 when the Michigan Central tunnel opened. The service continued until April 30, 1994.
- Transport (built 1880), in use until 1933
- Transfer II, in use until 1938
- Detroit
- Manitowoc (built 1926)
- Windsor (1930)
Grosse Ile to Gordon, Ontario rail ferry
- Ferry from Grosse Ile to Gordon, Ontario between 1873 and 1888 on the Canada Southern Railway, later Michigan Central
Lake Erie
- Michigan-Ohio Navigation Company
- SS Aquarama, (built 1945), in use 1957â€"62, Detroit to Cleveland, Ohio, 2,500 passengers and 160 automobiles
- Detroit-Atlantic Navigation Company of Detroit, MI.
- MV Jack Dalton, the former Michigan state ferry Vacationland, was used briefly in the summer of 1960 to ship truck trailers in "fishyback" service between Detroit and Cleveland, OH. The venture quickly proved uneconomical and the service was suspended within 90 days of inauguration. Michigan seized the ferry for non-payment and resold the ship for use off lakes.
References
Further reading
- Hilton, George W. (2003). The Great Lakes car ferries. Davenport, Iowa: Montevallo Historical Press. ISBNÂ 0965862437.Â
External links
- The Ludington Carferries
- Ironton Ferry
- Starline Mackinac Island Ferry
